THIRD WORLD NETWORK BIOSAFETY INFORMATION SERVICE
Dear Friends and Colleagues
Broad-Spectrum Resistance to Bt Toxins in U.S. Western Corn Rootworm
Since the 1980s, the cost to US farmers from the western corn rootworm Diabrotica virgifera virgiferaLeConte, both in terms of crop losses and management inputs, is estimated at around USD one billion per year. Genetically engineered maize hybrids producing insecticidal toxins derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) were created in 2003 to manage the pest. However, field-evolved resistance by the rootworm to Cry3Bb1 maize and mCry3A maize were found in multiple Midwestern states, along with cross-resistance between these Bt toxins. To mitigate the effects of Bt-resistant populations, pyramided maize hybrids with multiple Bt toxins targeting the corn rootworm were subsequently made available to farmers.
New research has evaluated the patterns of resistance and cross-resistance against all commercially available Bt toxins (Cry34/35Ab1, Cry3Bb1, mCry3A and eCry3.1Ab) in western corn rootworm populations collected from fields in Iowa, USA. The results have revealed resistance to Cry3Bb1 maize, mCry3A maize, and eCry3.1Ab maize in western corn rootworm populations from fields with high levels of feeding injury to Cry3Bb1 maize, and cross-resistance among these Cry3 Bt toxins. Given this pattern of Bt resistance and cross-resistance, it appears likely that Cry3Bb1-resistant western corn rootworm populations in fields planted with pyramided maize will eventually experience strong selection for resistance to Cry34/35Ab1 and eCry3.1Ab, which threatens to further compromise the efficacy of currently commercialized pyramided Bt maize hybrids targeting the pest.
The broad-spectrum resistance illustrates the potential for insect pests to develop resistance rapidly to multiple Bt toxins when structural similarities are present among toxins, and raises concerns about the long-term durability of Bt crops for the management of some insect pests. The researchers recommend greater adoption of diversified, integrated pest management practices by farmers to delay the rate of Bt resistance evolution in western corn rootworm by decreasing the intensity of selection for resistance.
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Item 1
BROAD-SPECTRUM RESISTANCE TO BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS TOXINS BY WESTERN CORN ROOTWORM (DIABROTICA VIRGIFERA VIRGIFERA)
Jakka, S. R., Shrestha, R. B., & Gassmann, A. J.
Scientific Reports 6:27860
doi:10.1038/srep27860
http://www.nature.com/articles/srep27860
Abstract
The evolution of resistance and cross-resistance threaten the sustainability of genetically engineered crops that produce insecticidal toxins derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, is a serious pest of maize and has been managed with Bt maize since 2003. We conducted laboratory bioassays with maize hybrids producing Bt toxins Cry3Bb1, mCry3A, eCry3.1Ab, and Cry34/35Ab1, which represent all commercialized Bt toxins for management of western corn rootworm. We tested populations from fields where severe injury to Cry3Bb1 maize was observed, and populations that had never been exposed to Bt maize. Consistent with past studies, bioassays indicated that field populations were resistant to Cry3Bb1 maize and mCry3A maize, and that cross-resistance was present between these two types of Bt maize. Additionally, bioassays revealed resistance to eCry3.1Ab maize and cross-resistance among Cry3Bb1, mCry3A and eCry3.1Ab. However, no resistance or cross-resistance was detected for Cry34/35Ab1 maize. This broad-spectrum resistance illustrates the potential for insect pests to develop resistance rapidly to multiple Bt toxins when structural similarities are present among toxins, and raises concerns about the long-term durability of Bt crops for management of some insect pests.
Item 2
https://www.dtnpf.com/agriculture/web/ag/news/article/2016/08/10/rootworm-resistance-pyramided-bt
When Pyramids Fall
Rootworm Resistance to Pyramided Bt Corn Confirmed
Emily Unglesbee , DTN Staff Reporter
8/10/2016
ROCKVILLE, Md. (DTN) — Pyramided Bt corn hybrids, which feature two traits targeting the western corn rootworm, have long been a stronghold against rootworm damage for Corn Belt farmers.
That defense is weakening this year after university entomologists have confirmed resistance in rootworm populations to eCry3.1Ab (found in hybrids containing Duracade) in Iowa and Minnesota cornfields and lower levels of resistance to Cry34/35Ab1 (the Herculex RW trait), found in SmartStax, AcreMax XTreme and Agrisure 3122 hybrids.
"Cry34/35Ab1 still seems to be effective in much of Iowa," Iowa State University entomologist Aaron Gassmann told DTN. "But because we are starting to see some adaptation, it is an early warning to farmers that they need to use the trait judiciously and with good stewardship."
Farmers facing these populations will have more limited options to fight the rootworm, which has now officially shown some level of resistance to every rootworm Bt protein on the market. You can use this Bt Trait Table guide from Michigan State University to ascertain which proteins are in which hybrids: http://bit.ly/….
HOW IT HAPPENED
The news comes as resistance to the other rootworm Bt traits on the market — Cry3Bb1 and mCry3A — continue to plague farmers in areas where continuous corn is common, particularly Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska and Minnesota.
Cry3Bb1 (YieldGard RW), found in VT Triple, VT Triple Pro and SmartStax hybrids, has shown documented failures since 2009, when Gassmann first tested populations for resistance to it in Iowa.
Reports of rootworm resistance to mCry3A followed shortly, and scientists have found extensive evidence of cross resistance between the two traits — meaning a rootworm population that is resistance to Cry3Bb1 will also be resistant to mCry3A, even if it has never encountered that trait before (mCry3A is found in many Agrisure hybrids, including Duracade).
In light of these problems, companies began stacking these compromised traits with an additional rootworm trait and selling these "pyramid" hybrids to help control resistant populations. They used either eCry3.1Ab (Duracade) or Cry34/35Ab1 (SmartStax, AcreMax XTreme and Agrisure 3122) to build these pyramided products, and began to phase out single-trait products.
However, in places where Cry3Bb1 and mCry3A were already compromised, these pyramids put the selection pressure on the Duracade or SmartStax trait. Many pyramided products have smaller refuges because of their dual-trait status, which added to the risk of resistance. Entomologists warned that the pyramids may not last very long under these conditions, and this year, those predictions proved true.
In April, a team of scientists published their findings of rootworm populations in Minnesota that could survive on eCry3.1Ab, the Duracade trait, in addition to Cry3Bb1 and mCry3A. Just two months later, Iowa State University scientists confirmed resistance to the Duracade trait in their state, as well.
The Duracade trait’s use has not been as widespread because it lacks key import approvals, but its similarity to the other traits on the market likely contributed to the discovery of resistance in the field, Gassmann said.
"The issues with eCry3.1Ab arose because of cross resistance," he explained. "Cry3Bb1, mCry3A and eCry3.1Ab all appear fairly similar to the rootworm, and resistance to one is likely to confer resistance to the other two."
As a result, the Duracade trait is not a good choice for farmers in areas with widespread resistance to Cry3Bb1, such as Iowa, Gassmann said.
In June, Iowa State University scientists led by Gassmann published another study, this time on populations showing incomplete resistance to Cry34/35Ab1, the other rootworm trait in SmartStax. The scientists tested rootworm populations from fields in central, southeastern and southwestern Iowa. Of greatest concern were fields planted to Cry34/35Ab1 alone (Herculex RW), which showed more than two nodes of root injury, and fields planted to a pyramid with Cry34/35Ab1 (SmartStax and AcreMax XTreme), which showed greater than one node of injury.
"In those fields, we did see some elevated survival on Cry34/35Ab1 in bioassays, so there was some level of resistance associated with that injury," Gassmann said. "It’s a sign that we’re beginning to see some level of resistance to that trait in pockets of central and southeastern Iowa."
ROTATION RESISTANCE ON THE RISE
Bt resistance is especially dangerous in the parts of the Corn Belt that have a population of western corn rootworm that survives crop rotation by laying eggs in soybean fields. Since 2014, researchers have found populations of these insects, called soybean variants, that are resistant to a number of Bt proteins.
Growers facing these populations have relied heavily on pyramids containing Cry34/35Ab1 or eCry3.1Ab, which makes the discovery of resistance to these traits especially alarming for them.
Another looming problem for corn growers is the recent resurgence of the northern corn rootworm, which also resists rotation by delaying egg hatch for two years or more. Last week, populations of northern corn rootworm with extended diapause were discovered as far south as northwestern Missouri, adding a new threat to corn growers on the margins of the Corn Belt. See the DTN story here: http://bit.ly/….
THE LONG WAIT FOR NEW TRAITS
In January, the EPA released a new set of rules for companies that register Bt-traited corn targeting the western corn rootworm in an effort to slow resistance. The rules, which will be in place for the 2017 growing season, mostly affect how farmers, companies and other industry players report and respond to resistance. The rules also require the companies to make stronger efforts to educate farmers about avoiding resistance via crop rotation, pyramided Bt products and the use of non-Bt corn hybrids with soil insecticides.
Slowing the development of resistance will be key for corn growers, as new rootworm-fighting technologies remain years away.
Most imminent is Monsanto’s new rootworm trait developed with RNAi technology. MON 87411, which will eventually be marketed as SmartStax PRO, produces a gene called DvSnf7. When consumed by a western or southern corn rootworm, the trait suppresses the production of a matching gene in the insect, short-circuiting its growth and killing it.
MON 87411 was deregulated by USDA in October 2015, but it has not been approved for import by key markets such as China. The trait is not expected to be available to farmers before the end of the decade.
Monsanto also recently licensed a protein-production technique created in a Harvard lab. Known as PACE, the technique allows researchers to greatly speed up the production of Bt proteins tailored to fight resistant insects. However, even with this new tool, Monsanto representatives have said any new traits from it are at least a decade away.
You can find the Iowa State study reporting resistance to Cry34/35Ab1 here: http://bit.ly/… .
You can find the study documenting resistance to eCry3.1Ab in Iowa here: http://go.nature.com/… and in Minnesota here: http://bit.ly/… .